MTT法评价猪口蹄疫合成肽疫苗的细胞免疫应答

为评价猪口蹄疫合成肽疫苗免疫猪后的细胞免疫应答,用含有E、F两种多肽抗原的猪口蹄疫合成肽疫苗免疫猪,二免后两周采血分离猪外周血淋巴细胞,再用E、F两种合成肽及二者混合物对淋巴细胞刺激培养48 h,用MTT法检测特异性T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果显示,在抗原E、F混合物浓度为50μg/mL时,抗原对免疫组淋巴结细胞的刺激增殖作用显著高于未免疫对照组（P〈0.01）。表明,该猪口蹄疫合成肽疫苗免疫猪能有效引起特异性T淋巴细胞免疫应答。     

Micronutrient Distribution in Different Physiographic Units of the Siwalik Hills of the Semiarid Tract of Punjab,India

We investigated the profile distribution of total and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ( DTPA )- extractable micronutrients ( Zn , Mn , Cu , Fe ) in soils developed on six physiographic units of the semiarid Siwalik hills of Punjab in northwest India . The soils showed a gradual fining of texture from shoulder slopes to toe slopes . All soils were alkaline and calcareous . In general , total and DTPA-extractable micro nutrients were higher in surface horizons and decreased in subsurface horizons . However , none of the micronutrients exhibited any consistent pattern of distribution with depth on different geomorphic surfaces . Physiography had a strong influence on the spatial distribution of total and available micronutrients . Contents of all micronutrients and their forms were higher in fine-textured and uneroded soils than in coarse-textured eroded soils . Soil pH , calcium carbonate , organic matter , and size fractions had strong influence on the distribution of total and extractable micronutrients . Based on linear coefficients of correlation , total content of micro nutrients increased with increase in clay content , whereas DTPA - extractable micronutrient content increased with increase in organic carbon and decreased with increase in pH and CaCO3 content . Except for Cu , no other micronutrient showed influence of total reserves on availability of the respective micronutrient . Among the various micronutrients , deficiency of Zn was found to be widespread , followed by Fe and Cu in the cultivated soils on foot slopes , toe slopes , and floodplains .     

东北典型稻区不同种植模式下稻田氮素径流损失特征研究

为了降低东北稻区稻田氮素径流损失,选择东北典型水稻种植区盘锦市,开展了不同栽培模式下水稻生长季田间氮素径流监测试验,试验设5个处理:对照(CK)、常规模式(TR)、稻蟹共生(CR)、有机水稻(OR)和减量施肥(RR),利用集水池收集各处理的地表径流,并测定径流的硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮含量,计算氮素流失量。研究结果显示:稻田地表径流损失的铵态氮远高于硝态氮;稻蟹共生和常规模式处理田间排水铵态氮的损失量相差不大,减量施肥处理比常规模式处理低26%,有机水稻处理比常规模式低73%。稻蟹共生处理比常规模式处理排水中硝态氮的排放量少23%,减量施肥处理比常规模式处理减少34%,有机水稻处理比常规模式处理低67%。稻蟹共生和常规模式处理排水总氮排放量无显著差异,分别为6.15 kg.hm 2和5.89 kg.hm 2;减量施肥处理显著低于常规模式处理,总氮排放量为4.76 kg.hm 2,比常规模式处理低19%;有机水稻处理在各水稻模式中总氮排放量最低,仅为1.93 kg.hm 2,并且显著低于常规模式处理,比常规模式处理低67%。     

基于响应面法的旋流泵优化设计

以旋流泵最高效率、高效区范围及在小流量区的扬程-流量曲线稳定性为目标函数,先采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选结构参数,并根据结构参数对目标函数的影响将其划分为3个等级:显著因素、次显著因素和非显著因素;再由中心复合设计和Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析确定各级结构参数的最优设计点.该方法以CFD计算结果为基础,构造旋流泵的结构参数与多目标函数的响应面近似模型,分析了结构参数间的交互效应.对最优设计点的泵进行了试验研究,试验结果与CFD计算值吻合,在设计工况下效率的相对误差为4.89％,且较优化前的模型在性能上有明显改善,表明基于试验设计和响应面法可用于旋流泵的优化设计.     

汽油机电液式可变气门正时系统响应性能仿真与试验

汽油机电液式可变气门正时系统(VVT)的响应性能对发动机燃烧、排放均有重要影响,汽油机瞬态过程中电液式VVT应根据发动机工况快速调整到目标相位,但由于电液VVT的响应性能受到多方面因素的影响,其速度尚有进一步提升的空间。基于试验和仿真分析,对影响电液VVT响应性能的发动机转速、机油温度、机油压力等因素进行了分析,并详细分析了VVT阶跃响应过程各阶段的影响因素,提出了基于MAP查表的VVT前馈控制算法,试验结果表明,该算法能够实现VVT快速响应,同时保证稳定性。     

Selectivity in a trawl codend during haul-back operation—An overlooked phenomenon

The selectivity of a 99 mm trawl codend was assessed using a codend cover fitted with a MultiSampler, which was acoustically triggered to take separate samples at three different phases of the haul. The first sample was collected during towing, the second during haul-up and the third at the surface. A total of 18 hauls were conducted with a commercial fishing vessel west of Scotland. It was demonstrated that escapes take place not only during the tow but also in the short period when the trawl is hauled back from the seabed and when the codend is at the surface. For haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), respectively, the mean percentages escaping at the surface were 16, 12 and 38% of the total escape while 17, 8 and 28% escaped during the haul-up phase. Compared to towing, the escape rate (no./min) increased for haddock by a factor 2.7 during haul-up and by a factor 1.7 at the surface, whereas the escape rates of whiting were similar for the three phases. The escape rate of Norway lobster increased by a factor of approximately 7 for both the haul-up and surface phases, compared to the towing phase. The selectivity parameters L50 (50% retention length) and SR (selection range = L75–L25) were estimated and compared for the three different phases and for the whole haul for haddock, whiting and Norway lobster. For all three species there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in L50 between the three phases of the haul. There was also no significant difference for whiting and Norway lobster when comparing the SR of the three phases, whereas the SR was significantly lower for haddock when comparing the surface phase with towing and haul-up. The estimate of L50 when towing was about 6 cm lower for haddock and whiting and 9 mm for Norway lobster compared to the selection curve estimated conventionally for the whole haul. Finally, the effect of sea state, duration and codend catch on the selectivity parameters were estimated for the individual phases and for the whole haul. A significant effect of at least one variable was found in all phases.     

A discussion on and alternative to the Penman-Monteith equation

The Penman-Monteith (PMe) equation that estimates evaporation from leaf/canopy surfaces is based on a few approximations. Several authors discussed ensuing errors and suggested improvements. This paper reminds those discussions which ended in the early nineties. It compares linearized PMe− with non-linear iterative solutions and illustrates resulting deviations. It differentiates between deviations for daily and hourly evaporation rate estimates. The latter are found to be higher. It also demonstrates deviations obtained at two different altitudes above sea level. Considering present tendencies to refine evaporation estimates for practical purposes and making use of easily available methods for solving non-linear equations this paper offers a new method to estimate evaporation.In a first step, a simple algebraic term, the surface temperature control sum, is introduced to find approximate differences between air and evaporating surface (leaf, canopy) temperatures. It suggests to concentrate research on the r_s/r_a ratio. A new formula is derived for estimating leaf/canopy surface temperatures for non-water stressed plants.In a second step, the estimates of temperature differences are used to calculate evaporation estimates. This two-step approximation leads to appreciably smaller errors as compared to the PMe-solution over the full range of input parameters of agro-meteorological relevance. It is, however, less accurate than some of methods proposed in literature. The method is meant for practical application in agricultural water management.     

Combined use of optical and radar satellite data for the detection of tillage and irrigation operations: Case study in Central Morocco

The objective of this study is to present a new application of optical and radar remote sensing with high spatial (∼10 m) and temporal (a few days) resolutions for the detection of tillage and irrigation operations. The analysis was performed for irrigated wheat crops in the semi-arid Tensift/Marrakech plain (Central Morocco) using three FORMOSAT-2 images and two ASAR images acquired within one week at the beginning of the 2005/2006 agricultural season.The approach we developed uses simple mapping algorithms (band thresholding and decision tree) for the characterisation of soil surface states. The first images acquired by FORMOSAT and ASAR were processed to classify fields into three main categories: ploughed (in depth), prepared to be sown (harrowed), and not ploughed-not harrowed. This information was combined with a change detection analysis based on multitemporal images to identify harrowing and irrigation operations which occurred between two satellite observations.The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using data related to land use and agricultural practices collected on 124 fields. The analysis shows that drastic changes of surface states caused by ploughing or irrigation are detected without ambiguity (consistency index of 96%). This study provided evidence that optical and radar data contain complementary information for the detection of agricultural operations at the beginning of agricultural season. This information could be useful in regional decision support systems to refine crop calendars and to improve prediction of crop water needs over large areas.     

基于形态学的棉花种子破损检测

以"中棉35"棉花种子为对象,应用图像处理技术,提出了基于形态学的破损识别方法.采用链码算子获取轮廓信息并进行傅里叶算子平滑,根据曲率特征定位轮廓尖端点后,通过轮廓的对称性识别局部破损棉种;基于统计思想,根据大小、形状特征的差异识别严重破损棉种.选取完好、破损棉种各200粒进行识别试验,结果表明破损棉种识别率达到94%.     

Optimization of Fermentation Medium for Cordyceps brasiliensis Using Response Surface Methodology

The composition of fermentation medium for producing Cordyceps brasiliensis mycelium was optimized using response surface methodology. A Plackett-Burman design was applied to screen potential key factors selected on the basis of preliminary experiments, and the steepest ascent method was adopted to approach the approximate optimal medium composition. Finally, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied to define more precisely the optimal composition of the fermentation medium. Our data revealed glucose and beef extract to be the most influential parameters, and the composition of the optimal fermentation medium (100 mL) was determined to consist of 4.46 g glucose, 2 g soluble starch, 4 g silkworm powder, 2.93 g beef extract, 0.10 g KH2PO4 and 0.15 g MgSO4·7H2O.